We have now learned to apply the first law to closed systems containing ideal gas. Ideal gas, which is an imaginary gas used to approximate real gas behaviour, is always in gas phase, but a real gas used in an engineering device may turn into a liquid at appropriate pressures and temperatures. It is therefore necessary that we learn to work with real gases and liquids. In this chapter, we will learn in particular about working with water, which is either in gas phase as steam, or in liquid phase, or in a mixed state of liquid and gas phases.
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