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Thermodynamics for Beginners



with worked examples



a very student-friendly undergraduate textbook
got over 49,000 readers (ResearchGate Stats)
ISBN: 955-589-090-0



Why write a thermo book
when there are so many
thermo books already?



Thermodynamics often confuses a beginner, because of the complex way it is presentation by many thermodynamics books. Majority of my students, engineering undergraduates, wrote in their course-teacher evaluation sheets that they found it hard to relate to thermodynamics. They made one thing very clear to me that, if they were to like the subject thermodynamics, the subject matter should be presented in a simple-and-easy-to-understand style. I took up the challenge, and wrote this book. Slowly, to my surprise, thermodynamics became the favourite subject among the majority of the engineering undergraduates. The beginners, a majority of them, fell in love with thermodynamics. And, I started to enjoy teaching thermodynamics.



Wim Ockham compared my thermo book to another thermo book. Read Wim Ockham's comments below.



Chapter 1
The First Law



Thermodynamics is a subject that gives us the foundation needed to deal with energy. One of the fundamental laws in thermodynamics is the first law of thermodynamics, which states energy is conserved. Introducing the first law to absolute beginners is the objective of this chapter.


ResearchGate Stats in July 2023:

Research Interest Score - 16.4

Reads - 7931


ResearchGate Stats in July 2024:

Research Interest Score - 18.1

Reads - 8649


Open Chapter 1

Chapter 2
Thermodynamic Terminology



Even though thermodynamics is a subject that is very easy to learn, some students find it difficult because they get confused with the meaning of the terms used in thermodynamics. In order to avoid such confusion, the thermodynamic meaning of the frequently used terms are clearly stated in this chapter. One can use this chapter as one uses a dictionary, coming back to it to refer to the thermodynamic meaning of a term, whenever there is a need for doing so.


ResearchGate Stats in July 2023:

Research Interest Score - 6.7

Reads - 1948


ResearchGate Stats in July 2024:

Research Interest Score - 7.1

Reads - 2050


Open Chapter 2



Chapter 3
The first law applied to closed systems



Chapter 1 stated that the first law of thermodynamics is simply the law of conservation of energy, and Chapter 2 introduced us to the thermodynamic meaning of terms such as system, property, and others. This chapter demonstrates how to apply the first law of thermodynamics to closed systems.


ResearchGate Stats in July 2023:

Research Interest Score - 10.3

Reads - 1821


ResearchGate Stats in July 2024:

Research Interest Score - 11.4

Reads - 1910


Open Chapter 3

Chapter 4
Internal energy & Enthalpy



This chapter gives a brief introduction to the properties internal energy and enthalpy, that are extensively used in the first law analyses of engines. Internal energy is a property used in the first law analyses of closed systems, and enthalpy is a property used in the first law analyses of open systems.


ResearchGate Stats in July 2023:

Research Interest Score - 15.4

Reads - 3573


ResearchGate Stats in July 2024:

Research Interest Score - 17.5

Reads - 3733


Open Chapter 4



Chapter 5
Working with Ideal Gas



In this chapter, we will learn to apply the first law of thermodynamics to closed, simple compressible systems containing ideal gas, which is indeed an imaginary gas. However, the behaviour of real gases at low pressures are often approximated to the behaviour of an ideal gas, the properties of which are related to each other in a very special way. We will also learn about these relationships in this chapter.


ResearchGate Stats in July 2023:

Research Interest Score - 12.4

Reads - 4209


ResearchGate Stats in July 2024:

Research Interest Score - 15.0

Reads - 4627


Open Chapter 5

Chapter 6
Working with Real Gases and Steam



We have now learned to apply the first law to closed systems containing ideal gas. Ideal gas, which is an imaginary gas used to approximate real gas behaviour, is always in gas phase, but a real gas used in an engineering device may turn into a liquid at appropriate pressures and temperatures. It is therefore necessary that we learn to work with real gases and liquids. In this chapter, we will learn in particular about working with water, which is either in gas phase as steam, or in liquid phase, or in a mixed state of liquid and gas phases.


ResearchGate Stats in July 2023:

Research Interest Score - 13.3

Reads - 3543


ResearchGate Stats in July 2024:

Research Interest Score - 14.4

Reads - 3639


Open Chapter 6


Figure 6.1.
Figure 6.2
Figure 6.3



Chapter 7
Boundary Work



In this chapter we will learn to evaluate the work term in the first law of thermodynamics. Work can be of different types, such as boundary work, stirring work, electrical work, magnetic work, work of changing the surface area, and work to overcome friction. In this chapter, we will concentrate on the evaluation of boundary work.


ResearchGate Stats in July 2023:

Research Interest Score - 18.9

Reads - 7888


ResearchGate Stats in July 2024:

Research Interest Score - 20.1

Reads - 8212


Open Chapter 7

Chapter 8
All about HEAT



A beginner in thermodynamics may think that a hot object contains more heat than what a cold object contains. The truth is none of them contains any heat at all since heat does not reside in an object. The beginner may also think that the temperature of an object cannot be raised unless heat is provided to the object, which is a wrong notion. Even one with a fair knowledge of thermodynamics, often confuses heat with enthalpy. This chapter is presented to give a clear idea about what heat is, and what heat is not.


ResearchGate Stats in July 2023:

Research Interest Score - 5.8

Reads - 1302


ResearchGate Stats in July 2024:

Research Interest Score - 6.4

Reads - 1346


Open Chapter 8



Chapter 9
The First Law applied to Open Systems



So far, we have learned to apply the first law of thermodynamics to solve various kinds of thermodynamic problems associated with closed systems. In this chapter, we will learn to apply the first law of thermodynamics to open systems. An open system, like a closed system, allows heat and work to enter and/or leave the system. In addition, an open system allows mass to enter and/or leave the system. Study of open systems is important, since a large number of engineering applications involve open systems.


ResearchGate Stats in July 2023:

Research Interest Score - 34.8

Reads - 10,209


ResearchGate Stats in July 2024:

Research Interest Score - 39.0

Reads - 11,198


Open Chapter 9

Chapter 10
The First Law applied to Steady Flow Systems



In many engineering applications, devices such as turbines, pumps, compressors, heat exchangers and boilers are operated under steady flow conditions for long periods of time. A steady flow process is a process in which matter and energy flow in and out of an open system at steady rates. Moreover , an open system undergoing a steady flow process does not experience any change in the mass and energy of the system. Application of the first law of thermodynamics to steady flow processes is discussed in this chapter.


ResearchGate Stats in July 2023:

Research Interest Score - 52.9

Reads - 47,923


ResearchGate Stats in July 2024:

Research Interest Score - 56.2

Reads - 49,475


Open Chapter 10



Chapter 11
Entropy



In the preceding chapters, we have learnt many aspects of the first law applications to various thermodynamic systems. We have also learnt to use the thermodynamic properties, such as pressure, temperature, internal energy and enthalpy, when analysing thermodynamic systems. In this chapter , we will learn yet another thermodynamic property known as entropy, and its use in the thermodynamic analyses of systems.


ResearchGate Stats in July 2023:

Research Interest Score - 11.5

Reads - 2088


ResearchGate Stats in July 2024:

Research Interest Score - 12.6

Reads - 2154


Open Chapter 11

Chapter 12
Thermodynamic analyses of Power Plants



Power plants are where power is produced such as in the electricity generating stations and turbojet engines. The workings of these power plants are complicated. In this chapter, however, we will learn about the basic working principles governing a few simple power plants and about carrying out thermodynamic analyses of simplified power plants to determine vital parameters such as the overall thermal efficiency. This chapter is written to make the students of this book appreciate some real life applications of what they have so far learned in thermodynamics.


ResearchGate Stats in July 2023:

Research Interest Score - 34.3

Reads - 27,933


ResearchGate Stats in July 2024:

Research Interest Score - 43.0

Reads - 35,090


Open Chapter 12



Chapter 13
Introduction to the Second Law



Learning thermodynamics even at an introductory level cannot be considered complete without being told what the second law is all about. This chapter introduces the second law to a beginner in an unconventional way. The objective of this chapter is to make the students know why it is important to learn the second law, and what role it has in the thermodynamic analyses of engineering systems.


ResearchGate Stats in July 2023:

Research Interest Score - 6.8

Reads - 1050


ResearchGate Stats in July 2024:

Research Interest Score - 8.9

Reads - 1179


Open Chapter 13



More Reviews



Reviewer 1:

Student-friendly. Shanthini has anticipated several questions that would arise in the mind of an oriental student when he or she learns thermodynamics for the first time. The book has a good collection of worked out examples. A bit heavy on heat engines.


Reviewer 2:

The document discusses the author's experience teaching thermodynamics to engineering students and their approach to making the subject more accessible. They found that introducing thermodynamics concepts like the first law based on conservation of energy rather than the traditional historical approach helped students relate better. They also provided detailed explanations of concepts that may seem obvious to some. This resulted in thermodynamics becoming a favorite subject for many students who previously struggled with it.


END

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